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Chapter 01

Dalton’s atomic theory

• all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atom
• atoms of the same element are identical, those of different atoms are different

Neil Bohr model of the atom

• the electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed circular paths known as the orbits
• they travel indefinitely within an energy level without loosing energy
• every orbit has an exact energy
• the orbits further away from the nucleus have higher energy
• electrons in lower orbit absorb energy and move to a higher orbit, these are known as excited electrons
• excited state electrons can come to the ground state by releasing the extra energy that they possess

Werner Heisenberg’s Wave Mechanical model of the atom

• based on Uncertainty principle or probability of locating an electron
• leads to the notion of orbitals
• the different orbitals are s, p, d, and f
• every electron has a quantum address by which it can be identified, known as quantum number
• there are 4 quantum numbers in total: n, l, m, and s

Chapter 02

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Chapter 03

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